what percentage of jews died in the holocaust

[81] Many were released within weeks; by early 1939, 2,000 remained in the camps. Note (1)"Other" includes, for example, persons killed in shooting operations in Poland in 19391940; as partisans in Yugoslavia, Greece, Italy, France or Belgium; in labor battalions in Hungary; during antisemitic actions in Germany and Austria before the war; by the Iron Guard in Romania, 19401941; and on evacuation marches from concentration camps and labor camps in the last six months of World War II. According to Dan Stone the Holocaust was a pan-European phenomenon, a series of "Holocausts" impossible to conduct without local collaborators and Germany's allies. Of the 23,000 people who passed through the "Gypsy" camp at Auschwitz, 21,000 died - of starvation, ill-health or were murdered in the gas chambers or by other means. [386] Estimates for the number of involuntary sterilizations during the whole of the Third Reich range from 300,000 to 400,000. There is no single wartime document created by Nazi officials that spells out how many people were killed in the Holocaust or World War II. The Times of London stated on 11 November 1938: No foreign propagandist bent upon blackening Germany before the world could outdo the tale of burnings and beatings, of blackguardly assaults upon defenseless and innocent people, which disgraced that country yesterday. By early 1939, only about 16 percent of Jewish breadwinners had steady employment of any kind. The possible final remnant will, since it will undoubtedly consist of the most resistant portion, have to be treated accordingly because it is the product of natural selection and would, if released, act as the seed of a new Jewish revival. [12][f], On 3 October 1941 the American Hebrew used the phrase "before the Holocaust", apparently to refer to the situation in France,[14] and in May 1943 the New York Times, discussing the Bermuda Conference, referred to the "hundreds of thousands of European Jews still surviving the Nazi Holocaust". [175] During the last year of the war, people of partial Jewish descent and non-Jewish partners in mixed marriages were arrested and imprisoned in one hundred camps. One standout piece, the "Briolette of India," includes a 90-carat diamond . *When a range of figures appears, the higher numbers wereuse to estimated percentages. [citation needed], As the Soviet armed forces advanced, the SS closed down the camps in eastern Poland and tried to conceal what had happened. [304] On 14 October, Jewish prisoners in Sobibr attempted an escape, killing 11 SS officers, as well as two or three Ukrainian and Volksdeutsche guards. Documenting the Holocaust: Examples of Documents. [227] The meeting had been scheduled for 9 December 1941, and invitations had been sent between 29 November and 1 December,[228] but on 8 December it had been postponed indefinitely, probably because of Pearl Harbor. [152] In Lithuania, Latvia and western Ukraine, locals were deeply involved; Latvian and Lithuanian units participated in the murder of Jews in Belarus, and in the south, Ukrainians killed about 24,000 Jews. Prior to the German invasion of the Soviet Union, an estimated 160,000 Jews resided in Kyiv, which represented close to 20 percent of the city's population. [69] Around 7,000 Jewish businesses were "Aryanized", and all the legal restrictions on Jews in Germany were imposed in Austria. [220] The following day, Joseph Goebbels, the Reich Minister of Propaganda, noted in his diary: Regarding the Jewish question, the Fhrer is determined to clear the table. [389] T4 was mainly directed at adults, but the euthanasia of children was also carried out. Janusz Gumkowski and Kazimierz Leszczynski, sfn error: no target: CITEREFGordon1984 (, Piotrowski, Tadeusz. "[395], Historians estimate that Germany and its allies killed between 250,000 and 500,000 Roma, around 2550 percent of the community in Europe. In just a few horrifying years, the global population of Jews had fallen by more than a third. World War II began in the BSSR with the invasion of German troops in June 1941. [68] Jews were forced to perform humiliating acts such as scrubbing the streets or cleaning toilets while wearing tefillin. [330] Army leaders and economic managers complained about this diversion of resources and the killing of skilled Jewish workers,[331] but Nazi leaders rated ideological imperatives above economic considerations. [202], Although Hungary expelled Jews who were not citizens from its newly annexed lands in 1941, it did not deport most of its Jews[204] until the German invasion of Hungary in March 1944. [288] This included individual collaboration as well as state collaboration. [365][pageneeded] Filimoshin estimated that civilian forced laborer deaths in Germany totaled 2.1million. Overall, U.S. teens correctly answer about the same number of questions (1.8, on average) as adults whose formal education ended with high school (1.7). [392] The medical community regularly received bodies for research; for example, the University of Tbingen received 1,077 bodies from executions between 1933 and 1945. ISBN 978-0-30008-432-0. sfn error: no target: CITEREFKrivosheev2001 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFGushee2012 (. [21], Holocaust historians commonly define the Holocaust as the genocide of the European Jews by Nazi Germany and its collaborators between 1941 and 1945. The French had planned to try Grynszpan for murder, but the German invasion in 1940 interrupted the proceedings. A decree on 12 November 1938 barred Jews from most remaining occupations. [130], Yugoslavia, home to 80,000 Jews, was dismembered; regions in the north were annexed by Germany and Hungary, regions along the coast were made part of Italy, Kosovo and western Macedonia were given to Albania, while Bulgaria received eastern Macedonia. [398] Unlike Jews, who were predominantly transported to and murdered in mass extermination camps, Romanies outside the Reich were mostly massacred in smaller groups of several hundred or less, in many different places; together with the exclusion of Romanies from most contemporary European censuses, this makes it impossible for historians to determine the precise number of Romani victims in Poland, Yugoslavia, White Ruthenia and Ukraine, the regions in which most are thought to have been killed. The 2018 Holocaust Knowledge and Awareness Study was administered mostly by interviewers over the phone, but also included some interviews administered online. [436] At least 37 countries and the United Nations have similar observances. [109] Pogroms also occurred in the Romanian borderlands. [325], During the war the Joint Distribution Committee raised $70 million and in the years after the war it raised $300 million. [123] The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum estimates that between 72,900 and 74,000 Jews were murdered during the Holocaust in France. The United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union have used most of these documents at one time or another as exhibits in criminal or civil proceedings against Nazi offenders. Once the invasion was underway, however, about 100,000 Jews fled Kyiv or were conscripted into the Red Army. Eva Kor, Auschwitz survivor and Jewish activist, voices her experiences in the concentration camps and how these persecutions forever changed . Nevertheless, some Jews were able to escape to neutral countries, whose policies ranged from rescue to non-action. About 1 million Jews died at Auschwitz concentration camp, while more than 1.5 million were gassed at the Operation Reinhard extermination camps. U.S. adults who say they have visited a Holocaust memorial or museum (27% of all respondents) correctly answer 2.9 questions right out of the four multiple-choice questions about the Holocaust. [429] The French state-owned railway company, the SNCF, agreed in 2014 to pay $60million to Jewish-American survivors, around $100,000 each, for its role in the transport of 76,000 Jews from France to extermination camps between 1942 and 1944. [279] Those inside were murdered within 20 minutes; the speed of death depended on how close the inmate was standing to a gas vent, according to the commandant Rudolf Hss, who estimated that about one-third of the victims were killed immediately. [145], Between early fall 1941 and late spring 1942, Jrgen Matthus writes, 2million of the 3.5million Soviet POWs captured by the Wehrmacht had been executed or had died of neglect and abuse. Approximately 304,000 Jews, emigrated during the first six years of the Nazi dictatorship. Key Facts 1 The rest of Poland was occupied by the Soviet Union, which invaded Poland from the east on 17 September 1939. [95], The Germans stipulated that each ghetto be led by a Judenrat of 24 male Jews, who would be responsible for carrying out German orders. [206], Italy introduced antisemitic measures, but there was less antisemitism there than in Germany, and Italian-occupied countries were generally safer for Jews than those occupied by Germany. Various factors combined to create a different reality than in the other countries under German occupation. [407] Between 2,700 and 3,300 were sent to the camps, where 1,400 died. While adult men answer slightly more questions right than women, teen boys and girls correctly answer a similar number of questions about the Holocaust (1.8 each, on average). Overall, the teens display lower levels of knowledge about the Holocaust than their elders do. By the end of the war, some 10,000 remained, representing the lowest survival rate in the Balkans and among the lowest in Europe. [435] Yom HaShoah became Israel's Holocaust Remembrance Day in 1951. [231], Translation, Avalon Project: "These actions are, however, only to be considered provisional, but practical experience is already being collected which is of the greatest importance in relation to the future final solution of the Jewish question."[235]. For example, men correctly answer 2.5 out of four multiple-choice questions, on average, while women get 1.9 right.3 And white respondents get an average of 2.5 questions right, compared with 1.2 questions among black adults and 1.7 questions among Hispanics. [168] Longerich wrote in 2010 that the gradual increase in brutality and numbers killed between July and September 1941 suggests there was "no particular order". And U.S. adults who live in the West, Northeast and Midwest perform slightly better than those who live in the South. [129], Yugoslavia and Greece were invaded in April 1941 and surrendered before the end of the month. Though fragmentary, these sources provide essential figures from which to make calculations. [217] According to Deborah Dwork and Robert Jan van Pelt, Hitler had trusted American Jews, whom he assumed were all-powerful, to keep the United States out of the war in the interests of German Jews. [110] The pogroms were extremely violent with many Jews beaten, raped, stolen from, and brutally murdered. One of the most disturbing revelations, the survey noted, is that 11 percent of respondents believe Jews caused the. Explore a timeline of events that occurred before, during, and after the Holocaust. View the list of all donors. Mainline Protestants, Mormons, Catholics, evangelical Protestants and Americans who describe their religion as nothing in particular correctly answer about half of the questions, while members of the historically black Protestant tradition get one out of four right, on average. [114] In late 1940, the country's 1,800 Jews were banned from certain occupations, and in 1941 all Jews had to register their property with the government. "The Jews have deserved the catastrophe that has now overtaken them," Goebbels wrote in his diary in 1942. [209] Officers from RSHA IV B4, a Gestapo unit, began deporting Jews to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Most U.S. adults know what the Holocaust was and approximately when it happened, but fewer than half can correctly answer multiple-choice questions about the number of Jews who were murdered or the way Adolf Hitler came to power, according to a new Pew Research Center survey. An additional 18% mention concepts that are more loosely associated with the Holocaust, including the general idea of death (6%), the persecution (but not murder) of Jews (4%), or just something about Jewish people (4%). [43], With the appointment in January 1933 of Adolf Hitler as Chancellor of Germany and the Nazi's seizure of power, German leaders proclaimed the rebirth of the Volksgemeinschaft ("people's community"). The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah,[a] was the genocide of European Jews during World WarII. the evacuation of the Jews to the East, provided that the Fuehrer gives the appropriate approval in advance. According to their findings, nearly two-thirds of respondents did not know 6 million Jews were killed during the Holocaust, nearly half cannot name a single concentration camp, and 11. "Racial" enemies could never belong to the Volksgemeinschaft; they were to be removed from society. Among these groups were Communists, Socialists, Jehovah's Witnesses, and gay men. [5] By the spring or summer of 1942, gas chambers had been installed in these new facilities, except for Chemno, which used gas vans. [404], German communists, socialists and trade unionists were among the first to be sent to concentration camps. As German troops advanced, the mass shooting of "anti-German elements" was assigned, as in Poland, to the Einsatzgruppen, this time under the command of Reinhard Heydrich. | DW | 30 July 2017", "Poster promoting the Nazi monthly publication, "Persecution of Homosexuals in the Third Reich", 'Elsa Conrad Margarete Rosenberg Mary Pnjer Henny Schermann', Homophobie und Devianz: weibliche und mnnliche Homosexualitt im Nationalsozialismus, "Elsa Conrad (18871963) Constellations Brises", "Payment Programme of the Foundation EVZ", "Holocaust Reparations: Germany to Pay 772 Million Euros to Survivors", "Pour le rle de la SNCF dans la Shoah, Paris va verser 100 000 euros chaque dport amricain", "France responsible for sending Jews to concentration camps, says court", "How Americans Described Evil Before Hitler", "Appendix 6: Estimated Losses in the Holocaust", Final Solution: The Fate of the Jews 19331949, "The Wannsee Conference, the Fate of German Jews, and Hitler's Decision in Principle to Exterminate All European Jews", "Not a slippery slope or sudden subversion: German medicine and National Socialism in 1933", "Bibliographic Classification of Documents Dealing with the Subject 'Holocaust', "Operation Barbarossa and the Onset of the Holocaust, JuneDecember 1941", Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law, Persecution of Jews during the Black Death, The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews, Bay Area Holocaust Oral History Project (BAHOHP), Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI), International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), National Socialist German Doctors' League, National Socialist League for Physical Exercise (NSRL), Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party, German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia), Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation, German National Movement in Liechtenstein, National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands, National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark, Nationalist Liberation Alliance (Argentina), South African Gentile National Socialist Movement, Interminority racism in the United States, Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire, Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent, Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent, Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction, Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc, Canadian Indian residential school system, Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia, Violence against Hindus in independent India, Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries, Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh, Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Holocaust&oldid=1152441904, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2020, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2023, Articles lacking reliable references from April 2023, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2022, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Deaths caused by the result of direct, intentional actions of violence, Deaths due to famine and disease in the occupied regions, This page was last edited on 30 April 2023, at 07:36. 2007, page 23, sfn error: no target: CITEREFPiotrowski2007 (, "They conducted deliberate and systematic genocide, viz., the extermination of racial and national groups, against the civilian populations of certain occupied territories in order to destroy particular races and classes of people and national, racial, or religious groups, particularly Jews, Poles, and Gypsies and others. [121] Vichy France's government implemented anti-Jewish measures in Metropolitan France, in French Algeria and in the two French Protectorates of Tunisia and Morocco. [85] Among the areas considered for possible resettlement were British Palestine and, after the war began, French Madagascar,[86] Siberia, and two reservations in Poland. Germany, Italy and Bulgaria divided Greece into occupation zones but did not eliminate it as a country. [87][j] Palestine was the only location to which any German resettlement plan produced results, via the Haavara Agreement between the Zionist Federation of Germany and the German government. [418], During and after World War II, many European countries launched widespread purges of real and perceived collaborators that affected possibly as much as 23 percent of the population of Europe, although most of the resulting trials did not emphasize crimes against Jews. (These groups also rank among those with the highest levels of overall religious knowledge.) 2 Between 1939 and 1941, Jews were systematically deprived of their property and their ability to work. It also includes people caught in hiding and killed in Poland, Serbia, and elsewhere in German-occupied Europe. "[64] By the end of 1934, 50,000 German Jews had left Germany,[65] and by the end of 1938, approximately half the German Jewish population had left. Known as Kristallnacht ("Night of Broken Glass"), the pogrom on 910 November 1938 saw over 7,500 Jewish shops (out of 9,000) looted and attacked, and over 1,000 synagogues damaged or destroyed. Ninety percent of Austria's 176,000 Jews lived in Vienna. Most were sent to Auschwitz; the first transport of 1,135 Jews left Holland for Auschwitz on 15 July 1942. Find topics of interest and explore encyclopedia content related to those topics, Find articles, photos, maps, films, and more listed alphabetically, Recommended resources and topics if you have limited time to teach about the Holocaust, Explore the ID Cards to learn more about personal experiences during the Holocaust. The actual number was probably between 1.1 million and 1.5 million-and at least 90 percent of the victims were Jews. Types and Numbers of Nazi Camps and Ghettos, 1933-1945 Estimated Deaths from Nazi Violence during World War II (by Group) Estimated Number of Prisoners and Survivors (by Extermination Camps) In Lithuania, by contrast, the pogroms were carried out by organized Lithuanian paramilitaries. The Russian Academy of Science article by M. V. Filimoshin based this figure on sources published in the Soviet era. 1615 L St. NW, Suite 800Washington, DC 20036USA Some Ukrainians went to Poland to serve as guards in the camps. Their percentage among the general population - about 10% - was also the highest in Europe.After the conquest of Poland by Germany and the Soviet Union in September 1939, most of the Jews remaining within the area occupied by Germany - approximately 1 Murder of the Jews of Poland Skip to main content Accessibility High contrast Compilation of comprehensive statistics of Jews killed by German and other Axis authorities began in 1942 and 1943. [149], Typically, victims would undress and give up their valuables before lining up beside a ditch to be shot, or they would be forced to climb into the ditch, lie on a lower layer of corpses, and wait to be killed. Last year, Pew Research Center conducted its second U.S. religious knowledge survey, designed to gauge Americans familiarity with a variety of religion-related facts. [113] By June 1940 Norway was completely occupied. Discussing plans for a "final solution to the Jewish question" ("Endlsung der Judenfrage"), and a "final solution to the Jewish question in Europe" ("Endlsung der europischen Judenfrage"),[235] the conference was held to coordinate efforts and policies ("Parallelisierung der Linienfhrung"), and to ensure that authority rested with Heydrich. [50] Other early prisons were consolidated by mid-1934 into purpose-built camps outside the cities, run exclusively by the SS. [174], At the height of the Holocaust from 1941 to 1943, the Jewish population of the SS concentration camps was low. [382] On 14 July 1933, the Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring (Gesetz zur Verhtung erbkranken Nachwuchses), the Sterilization Law, was passed. Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University. [215] According to Stone, "the Holocaust in Slovakia was far more than a German project, even if it was carried out in the context of a 'puppet' state. [338][339] In January 1945, the Germans held records of 714,000 inmates in concentration camps; by May, 250,000 (35 percent) had died during these marches. In 1939, there were 16.6 million Jews worldwide, and a majority of them - 9.5 million, or 57% - lived in Europe, according to DellaPergola's estimates. [373] After Germany lost the war, the International Military Tribunal at the Nuremberg Trials and Poland's Supreme National Tribunal concluded that the aim of German policies in Poland the extermination of Poles and Jews was a genocide in biological terms. [208] In September 1943, Germany occupied the northern and central areas of Italy and established a fascist puppet state, the Italian Social Republic or Sal Republic. The former said that only those of "German or kindred blood" could be citizens. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. Germany had a policy of forced confiscation of food that resulted in famine deaths of an estimated 6% of the population, or 4.1million. According to Yad Vashem, some 3.3 million Jews lived in Poland on the eve of the Sept. 1, 1939 German invasion, and only 380,000 survived the war. Either the German authorities were a party to this outbreak or their powers over public order and a hooligan minority are not what they are proudly claimed to be. Politically, Republicans and those who lean toward the Republican Party (2.3) correctly answer about as many Holocaust knowledge questions as Democrats and Democratic leaners do (2.2). Liraz Lachmanovich. Other groups were persecuted for political or ideological reasons, or on the basis of what the Nazi regime considered to be criminal behavior. [49] Initially the camp contained mostly Communists and Social Democrats. Najprsnejie rasov zkony na idov s slovensk". As German forces captured territories in the East, all anti-Jewish measures were radicalized. Even after the Reformation, Catholicism and Lutheranism continued to persecute Jews, accusing them of blood libels and subjecting them to pogroms and expulsions. [269], Christian Gerlach writes that over three million Jews were murdered in 1942, the year that "marked the peak" of the mass murder. Forced to retreat on 19 April from the OB and ZW fighters, they returned later that day under the command of SS General Jrgen Stroop (author of the Stroop Report about the uprising). Similarly, an overwhelming majority of agnostics (87%), Jews (86%) and atheists (84%) know that ghettos were parts of a town or city where Jews were forced to live. [355] At least 1.5 million Jews were shot or killed by gas vans, primarily in the Soviet Union. The Indiana Historical Society museum in Indianapolis is bringing awareness and remembrance towards the recent revival of Jewish hatred with their new exhibit, " Eva Kor from Auschwitz to Indiana .". In February 1941, non-Jewish Dutch citizens staged a strike in protest that was quickly crushed. [271] Victims usually arrived at the extermination camps by freight train. [78] Attacks took place in Austria too. [334] On 19 March 1944, Hitler ordered the military occupation of Hungary and dispatched Adolf Eichmann to supervise the deportation of its Jews. [410] In 1936, Himmler created the Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion. The General Government must become just as free of Jews as the Reich.". Overall, the average respondent correctly answers about half (2.2) of the four multiple-choice Holocaust knowledge questions. Yad Vashem (undated): "The Holocaust was the murder of approximately six million Jews by the Nazis and their collaborators. "[199] Romania set up concentration camps in Transnistria, reportedly extremely brutal, where 154,000170,000 Jews were deported from 1941 to 1943. [297] Polish and Jewish accounts stated that hundreds or thousands of Germans had been killed,[298] while the Germans reported 16 dead.

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