how much did doctors make in 1900

Data from the census of 1900 on the employment of women as seamstresses in Christiania (later Oslo), Norway, including average weekly and yearly earnings. One of the most effective means of raising awareness of the disease was through the sale of stamps called Christmas Seals. Source: Source: U.S. Congressional report. With its newly increased rolls, the AMA began to exert greater influence in public health issues. The committee advocated strengthening the AMA's ties to state and local medical societies. Newly elected Governor George C. Pardee, a physician sympathetic to issues affecting public health, began an extensive campaign to eradicate the disease from San Francisco. This was a compulsory insurance scheme for workers in certain industries, though it generally did not cover family members. Wages are divided by borough and occasionally include hours worked per day (. Mary Mallon was America's first identified carrier of typhoid. Source: Serial Set, Reports salaries in dollars. Although these efforts were largely successful, the 1906 San Francisco earthquake created excellent conditions for the plague to reappear. Shows the average weekly wages of teacher in city and rural areas of New York as well as the state as a whole. Meats: beef, steaks, veal, chicken, mutton and lamb, pork, bacon, ham, fresh fish, salt fish. Tables compare the 1900 and 1910 retail and wholesale prices in Buenos Aries, including food items, Chapter describes consumer expenditures for Australian families. Black hospitals were. Physicians were now able to perform longer and more complicated procedures on their sedated patients. Many of the nation's finest colleges and universities raised their standards for admittance into medical schools to ensure that only the most qualified students graduated as doctors. Prices are available for January-February, February-April, May-July and August-October of 1900. Source: BLS Bulletin no. Many diseases that raged throughout the early 1900s and destroyed countless lives have been cured and largely forgotten by contemporary Americans. One of the primary reasons for the pellagra epidemic was the reaction of southern. He announced the causes of the ailment and outlined a plan to defeat hookworm. Source: Congressional report. Source: U.S. Table II shows union rates in each trade, by city, for each year from 1907-1912. Several medical schools dedicated to educating former slaves were founded around that time, the earliest being Howard University in Washington, D.C., in 1869. The nineteenth century witnessed numerous improvements in American health and medicine, but many important problems lingered as a new century dawned in 1900. Snake OilSalesmen and Doctors. Source: BLS Bulletin no. By Margarette Burnette. The 1900s Medicine and Health: Topics in the News. See pages 467-480 in the July-Dec. issue of Cornhill Magazine (not a government document.). Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Shows the wages for 23 occupations in Montreal at the start of the century. Most common in the rural South, the hookworm thrived in unsanitary conditions such as those present in outhouses. Published 1909 in London. Published September 1906. Click "more" for detailed breakouts Click "More" for direct links to sections. On the low end, registered nurses earned a 10th percentile salary of $56,190, meaning 90 percent earned more than this amount. American medicine of the 1900s slowly improved, as dedicated men and women worked toward improving the nation's health. She gained international notoriety for spreading sickness and earned the infamous nickname "Typhoid Mary." Answer (1 of 7): It was really until after WWII that health insurance became a thing. It includes food, dry goods, clothing, furniture, kitchen utensils, hardware, leather goods, sporting goods, and more. These workers engaged in spinning, weaving, printing, dyeing and otherwise performing tasks for the manufacture of fabrics. In 1914, hospital officials built a cottage for her at the Riverside Hospital in the Bronx, where she was quarantined for life. Lists prices of food, average wages of Hawaiians, and consumer expenditures. The wage data for this bulletin are from establishments engaged in making mens outer garmentscoats, pants, vests, and over-coatsfor the trade, or what is commonly known as mens ready-made clothing. By the 1890s, women could attend some of the same medical schools as their male counterparts. Men still were major the breadwinners and worked as professionals, public sector workers or as laborers. He spent several years in the field and issued a scathing report in 1910. Tables of prices paid for farming implements and supplies by members of the agricultural industry from include IL, ND, SC and Texas can be found on pages 1094-1117 of thissource. Orphanages across America were filled with children whose parents had succumbed to the dreaded disease. The epidemic lasted until the 1940s. This link leads to the 1902 report showing 1901 data. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Selected entries in their list are clickable. Shows average values expressed as price per head. Glasgow, Scotland - Prices of commodities in 1900 and 1910, England and Wales, cost of living compared to the U.S. - 1909, Buenos Aries - Prices in 1900 and rent in 1905, Prices at Vienna and Prague, 1900 and 1910, Belgium - Cost of living of the working classes, Belgium - Cost of living in Belgian towns, 1908, Food prices in Toronto and Massachusetts - 1904, Ottawa, Canada - Retail prices of staple commodities, 1907, Canadian family weekly expenditures, 1900 & 1905, France - Cost of living of the working classes, France - Cost of living in French towns, 1905, Prices of agricultural machinery in France, 1900 and 1910, Havre - Prices for articles of daily consumption, 1900 and 1910, Lyons - Prices of principal commodities, 1900 and 1910, poultry, milk, boots and shoes, coal, mineral oils, seeds, and soaps, Marseille - Average retail prices, 1900 and 1910, Market prices on provisions in German cities, 1899-1908, Germany - Cost of living of families of moderate income, 1907-1908, Germany - Cost of living of the working class, Germany - Cost of living in German towns, 1905, Berlin - Prices of commodities, 1900 and 1910, Frankfort on the Main - Price of coal, 1902 and 1906, Frankfort on the Main - Retail prices and rents, 1900 and 1910, Munich, Bavaria - Retail prices and rents, 1900 and 1910, Budapest - Prices of commodities and Rents, 1900 and 1910, India - Retail prices for food grains and salt, 1892-1916, Mexico - Retail prices of certain food products, 1907, Guadalajara - Price of beef, pork, and potatoes in 1900, Warsaw - Prices of articles in 1900 and 1910, Philippines - Prices of Commodities and Rates of Wages in Manila, St. Petersburg - Prices of commodities, 1900 and 1910, Prices of food and rates of rent, 1904-1907, Retail food prices around the world, 1900 and 1910, Prices paid by the U.S. Navy in foreign ports, 1900-1909, Nottingham, UK compared to Calais, France - Prices of food articles, Europe - Prices of commodities in industrial cities, 1905-1908, Telephone rates in continental Europe, 1902, Calculator: Present-day purchasing power of a historic dollar amount, Foreign currencies - Value in U. S. dollars, 1903. equal opportunity/access/affirmative action/pro-disabled and veteran employer. Indian Territory (Oklahoma) - three barbers advertise identical prices: Texas - Shave 10, haircut 25, child's haircut 15 (, Prices of shoes - Table shows wholesale and retail. 88, Volume XX. Care was largely limited to pre-venting disease by . 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Does not list averages, instead lists farms and farmhouses for sale (or rent) along with amenities and asking price. The care of children is as old as our species, but the discipline of pediatrics emerged barely a century ago. Wedding dress, coats, skirts, dresses, coat suits, waists (blouses), jacket and skirt sets, hats, petticoats, negligees, and underwear, gloves, shoes Source: 4th Report of the Commissioner of Labor for Hawaii, published 1910. Shows average annual mill value per 1,000 board feet for 17 kinds of hardwood including oak, elm, hickory, etc. Tables span pages 68-72, each shows a two year period. Source: Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor, no. The class of surgeons did not command that much respect from the society as the . Most Americans believed women were emotionally unfit to assume the role of doctor. Source: Massachusetts Labor Bulletin, no. Lists wages in the following industries: agricultural implements, artisan's tools, beef and pork packers, boots and shoes, brass and copper, brick and tile, cigars, clothing, cotton and linen, electric and gas supplies, flour and feed, food preparations, hats and caps, iron, leather, lime and cement, lumber, machinery, malt liquors, paper and pulp, sheet metal, ship and boat building, structural iron, and woolen mills. Frequently these "medicines" were little more than alcohol and "snake-oil," which were completely ineffective and occasionally even dangerous. But in the early nineteenth century, even professional physicians were required to meet rigorous standards. Teacher salaries by school district and by county are available in the Montana reports of the Superintendent of Public Instruction. Source: B.F. Avery & Sons catalog. Many hucksters were driven out of business, but the problem of quack medicine lingered throughout the decade. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"tHi3rgIMDbhtm2_y4hdy_LZtuJR7u7l85WREYSwI_Ug-86400-0"}; Shows salaries for police officers, fire brigade, custom-house officers, The wage table on p. 121 is part of several full chapters describing the economic, Source: Investigation relative to wages and prices of commodities, Tables show average daily wages of Italian mine and, The municipal budget of for the District of Mazatlan for 1900 details (in Mexican currency) how much was paid to government employees including secretaries, clerks, treasurers, professors, administrators, physicians, nurses, watchmen, police officers, mayors, commissaries, wardens of jails, janitors, gardeners, and more. Doctors and nurses commonly treated their patients with filthy hands and instruments that spread infection and disease. Shows average wages and hours. Between 1847 and 1900 there were 50 new statutes on housing, ranging from the major Public Health Acts of 1848 and 1872 to the 1866 Lodging Houses and Dwellings (Ireland) Act, the 1885 Housing of the Working Classes Act and the 1888 Local Government Act. Table shows wholesale and retail prices of coal in 1902 and 1906 at Frankfort on the Main. Includes plows, cultivators, planters and harrows. Includes food, coal, clothing, boots and shoes. . Special-order and merchant-tailor establishments are not included. Some modest homes can be found near the end, such as this. Illustrated Jeremiah Rotherham price list includes clothing, household items, tools and more. Observations are separated by industry/occupation, sex, and age. Source: Investigation relative to wages and prices. Includes the police force, prison officials, firemen, market inspectors, city engineer, horticulturalist. Using this compound interest calculator. Boston - Food prices, 1900 The "remedy" was composed only of olive oil and salt. The term for using living humans or animals for study is "vivisection." Midwives attended approximately half of all births in 1900, but less than 15 percent by 1935. Tables on pages 2216-2228 show retail food prices in Austria as well as Germany and the U.S. Includes price of eggs, bread, coffee, butter and more. Shows the average yearly and daily earnings of factory operatives in Connecticut at the turn of the century (. Here is Doctor Cooley of the United States. Shows earnings of various mining occupations. Yellow fever outbreaks caused mass panics throughout the nation, as communities feared the rapid and unpredictable spread of the disease. 88, published May 1910. In an article titled "Retail Prices of Food," page 191 shows a list of average costs per workingman's family for each year from 1890-1906, broken out by U.S. region. A true pioneer for women in medicine, Magaw was so well respected that Dr. Charles Mayo proclaimed her the "mother of anesthesia. 79, vol. See the cost of farm wagons, mowers, horse shoes, clothing, boots, lumber, coal oil and more in "Cost of living up,"Salt Lake Heraldnewspaper, March 29, 1900, p. 5, c. 3. In 1837, James Smith became the first African American to earn a medical degree, which he received from the University of Glasgow in Scotland. Unless otherwise noted, thesourcesfor data below came fromEmployees and Wages, a special report in the 12th Census,andReport on condition of woman and child wage-earners in the U.S, Dept. In 1904, scientists, doctors, and concerned citizens gathered in Philadelphia to form the National Association for the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. Includes wages for metal works, manufacturing, textiles, and more. . Lists average salaries for male and female teachers. Source: Serial Set. Laboratories and surgical rooms were often filthy, medical libraries were often bare, and many medical professors did little class instruction. 1900, Manufacturing industries - Wages and hours, 1890-1907, Clothing (men's) manufacturing - Wages, 1911 to 1924, Wages in cotton, woolen, and silk industries, 1890-1912, Child labor wages by sex, state and occupation, 1907-1908, Wages by occupation - California, 1900-1902, California teacher salaries at elementary schools, 1907, Connecticut (New Haven) city employee salaries, 1873-1921, Hawaii - Wages and hours by occupation and employee nationality, 1905, Laundries - Female employee wages in Chicago, 1909, Farm hand wages by county - Illinois, 1904, Average yearly earnings - Massachusetts, 1900, Maryland - Wages by occupations, 1890-1902, Grand Rapids, MI - Furniture manufacturing workers, 1900 & 1905, Missouri - Employee wages and business owner salaries, 1906, salary of managers, superintendents, salesmen, bookkeepers, clerks and stenographers, Earnings by sex and occupation in MO, 1906, St. Louis city employee salaries and wages, 1907, Coal miner's daily wages - Missouri, 1902, Montana - School teacher wages by sex, 1901, New Jersery - Average yearly earnings in specific industries, 1900-1908, Investigation relative to wages and prices of commodities, Vol. A Special Committee on Reorganization was created to offer recommendations on improving the AMA. Beef prices in 50 U.S. cities, 1909 Tables show salaries paid teachers (inclusive of rent allowances) in the public schools of Frankfort on the Main in 1900 and 1909 based on years of service. Nearly seven thousand female. By then, the share of women going into the traditional fields of teaching, nursing, social work, and clerical work declined, and more women were becoming doctors, lawyers, managers, and professors. 83, published July 1909. Use, Shows amount a French family might pay for rent, food, taxes, servants, school tuition for children, clothing, and household fuel. Source: U.S. BLS Bulletin no. Text tables on the. This report shows earnings at various European machine-tool plants in the first nine months of 1908. Teacher salaries and, Includes average gross earning, wage deductions, and net earning of both. Source: U.S. Deptof the Interior. Previously, it had been unheard of to perform operations and other medical procedures in a sterile environment. Trades include building, furniture, boiler makers and steel-ship building, lithographers, bookbinders and rulers, compositors, electrical workers, shoe trade, bakers, engineering, ship service, Shows salaries of post office employees in Liverpool and Birkenhead in 1910 as well as, Tables show salaries paid to post-office and, Presents wage data for Finnish employees in the. Shows family expenditures for rent, food, health care, transportation, etc. This report contains tables showing wholesale and retail prices in Liverpool in 1900 and 1910. Jobs arranged from high-paying to low-paying, 1900 The source : Workers of the nation, vol. Tables on pages 2216-2228 show retail food prices in Germany as well as Austria-Hungary and the U.S. Includes price of eggs, bread, coffee, butter and more. The disease was a major American health crisis and accounted for more than 10 percent of all deaths from disease in 1908. Source:Federal Reserve Bank of Saint Louis. Source: Investigation relative to wages and prices of commodities. The report also contains information on purchasing power, expenditures and budgets, and more. The man was bleeding, wounded in a bar fight . One hundred years ago, in 1908, health care was virtually unregulated and health insurance, nonexistent. Tables on pages 43-52 list the retail prices of flour, butter, bacon, beef, mutton, ham, sugar and coffee in selected cities in the U.S., Austria, Canada, Nova Scotia, England, Germany, France, Russia, Bulgaria, Japan, Mexico. By 1924, pellagra had been identified in thirty-six states, with more than 90 percent of all cases located in just nine southern states. Over 500 pages of data! Collection of elixirs. 78. Tables show retail prices of meat, various other food items, and average yearly rentals by number of rooms at Munich for 1900 and 1910. See. https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/culture-magazines/1900s-medicine-and-health-topics-news, The 1940s Medicine and Health: Topics in the News, The Evolution of the U.S. Healthcare System. ." Some data collected by the British Board of Trade. One of the leaders of this movement was Harvard University president Charles Eliot. By the end of the decade, the AMA had grown into one of the nation's most influential professional associations. Directory of organizations that provided visiting nurses, along with salaries paid. Encyclopedia.com. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. Scroll forward in the source; tables extend from pp. Despite being restricted by segregation, blacks in medicine in the 1900s accomplished several major achievements. Source:U.S. Commissioner of Education report for 1902, p.LXXXI. "The 1900s Medicine and Health: Overview Retrieved April 27, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/culture-magazines/1900s-medicine-and-health-overview. She was directly responsible for three deaths and fifty-three cases of the disease, and she may have been responsible for as many as fourteen hundred cases of typhoid in Ithaca, New York, in 1903. Presents wage data across four industries in France for October, 1905: building trades, engineering, printing, and municipal employment. Pain, suffering, and premature death from disease have ravaged human beings from the beginning of recorded time. The most prevalent and insidious maladies of the era included pellagra, plague, tuberculosis, and yellow fever. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. It includes "articles of daily household consumption" such as food and fuel as well as for animals, metals, fabric, building materials, and clothing. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Furthermore, there was an increase in laboratory research, as scientists began to research cellular, bacterial, and viral causes for disease, which led to the creation of more sophisticated drug remedies. Only twenty-two plague victims were discovered, however, as many Chinese immigrants hid from the authorities out of fears of deportation. It was not until 1903, when more than one hundred confirmed cases of the disease had been reported, that the state's elected representatives took action. pediatrics Sources showing prices inMULTIPLE COUNTRIES, 1900s, "75 Years of American Finance: A Graphic Presentation 1861-1935" Broken out by demographics of worker, by county, by town, by industry and by occupation. Rental rates are discussed on the, All prices listed in dollars. Wages for various occupations are also discussed. Victims suffer from headaches, fever, liver damage, and internal bleeding. ", Like African Americans, women faced a difficult struggle to attain a medical education in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century. Includes meat, bread, butter, sugar, milk, potatoes, grain, flour, lard, tallow, bacon, rents, cotton, wool, leather, boots and shoes, clothing, coal, iron, steel, oil, bricks, cement, and farming implements. Hookworm was another aggressive disease that debilitated citizens in the early 1900s. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Source: List shows 1900 prices per kilo of beef, pork, and potatoes in Guadalajara, Jalisco. This harsh fact w, The American Medical Association (AMA) is a federation of state and territorial medical associations. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. 63-66. I, a publication of the U.S. Congress. The 1900s Medicine and Health: Overview This selection also includes data from 1915-1920. . Cost of Living for a typical, rising professional man with a 700 annual income (early 1900s) Related Materials Wages, the Cost of Living, Contemporary Equivalents to Victorian Money The Price of Bread: Poverty, Purchasing Power, and The Victorian Laborer's Standard of Living The Cost of Living in 1888 Food articles include various meats, apples, beans, butter, cheese, coffee, corn meal, eggs, fish, flour, lard, milk, molasses, potatoes, rice, sugar, tea and more. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. This table (from page 67 to 84) shows comparative retail prices of staple commodities in Ottawa, Canada in June 1897 and June 1907. Covers about 30-60 U.S. cities. Cable rates to foreign countries. Source: Shows the value of multiple currencies in US dollars in the years of. 27 Apr. Wages are sorted by sex and age (, Table shows annual wag per head and wage per shift for coal miners in a number of German districts. Wage-earning men made an average of $11.16 per week in 1905. The controversy raged throughout the twentieth century. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Bulletin, No. Only four of these institutions, which graduated a vast majority of the nation's black physicians prior to 1920, survived until 1910. Source: US Dept of Agriculture Yearbook (1923), Table 679. Food prices in Hawaii, 1890-1910 Pages 451-452 shows the prevailing daily wage rates for various occupations in the building industry as well as in paving and stone cutting. U.S. congressional document shows the price of foods such as potatoes, oatmeal, flour, mutton, butter, cheese, eggs, ham and beef, as well as "a suit of woolen clothing" and boots/shoes; coal, fuel oil, and farming implements such as plows, binders and two-horse mowers. It is caused by a bacterial infection contracted by humans either from inhaling the bacteria or by eating meat from infected animals. After being sold to Dr. Robert Dove of New Orleans at the end of the Revolutionary War (177683), Derham continued his studies and eventually developed a thriving practice. The common symptoms of tuberculosis include coughing, fatigue, and weight loss. Tip: enter an occupation in the "Search in this text" box. Shows wages and hours for dozens of occupations, including job titles in the agriculture, building and timber industries; as well as bartenders, restaurant workers, domestic servants, policemen, bookbinders, and more. A. Female doctors comprised approximately 5 percent of the nation's physicians in 1900. Physicians practiced and treated patients in their homes. He and others sought to strengthen medical licensing laws and bolster medical education throughout the nation. . opened to care for patients who had been refused treatment at white health-care facilities. As more and more people were trained as physicians, medical education became more rigorous. In 1909, industrialist John D. Rockefeller (18391937) donated $1 million to fund the Rockefeller Sanitary Commission, which aided hundreds of thousands of hookworm sufferers. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. . Source: Investigation relative to wages and prices of commodities, Vol. Pellagra is a terrible disease that is rare today, even in developing countries, but it was a major problem in the United States during the early 1900s. "It was enough to keep a medicinal trade going," says Jonathan Goldstein, a research. This report contains rates of wages and hours of labor of the working classes in major European industrial cities in 1905 to 1908. Wholesale and retail prices (in dollars) in Berlin for 1900 and 1910. Those opposed to the procedure (known as antivivesectionists) objected to procedures that did not offer a direct benefit to the human or animal subject's health. Federal, state, and local officials and community leaders quickly banded together to aggressively battle the plague. Still, tuberculosis remained prevalent in America until the 1940s. 1900: Less than 5 percent of women gave birth in hospitals. Table shows range of weekly wages for men, boys, women and girls by job performed. Dresses, reefers and coats, suits, blouses, infant dresses, infant underwear Chapter describes consumer expenditures for Italian families and how they typically budgeted their money for food, rent, clothing, taxes, servants, education, etc. Lists the age, occupation and weekly earnings for each of several hundred female employees. Source: Investigation relative to wages and prices of commodities, Vol. sheets, pillowcases, tablecloths, blankets, quilts and calicos), London - Wholesale and retail prices, 1900 and 1910, farming implements of both American and English make, Wholesale clothing and merchandise catalog - London, 1904, Manchester - Retail prices, 1900 and 1910, Manchester - Prices for agricultural implements, 1900 and 1910, Sheffield, England - Prices of commodities, 1900 and 1910, Yorkshire - Rents and cost of foods, 1908, Prices of American agricultural implements. This calculator can be used to determine the historical purchasing power of currency in the United Kingdom from 1270 to 2017. Table shows average weekly wages received by workers in francs and dollars. She died in 1938. 80, Volume XVIII. We estimate that 42 percent of the growth from 1982 to 1988 in real net income per office-based physician was due to a greater number of services provided per physician, and the remaining 58 percent resulted from higher unit-profit margins. 54, Volume IX, pub. Shows average daily and yearly by industry and occupation by city in Table IV of each chapter. 1800 Shows pay for officers, captains, lieutenants, corporals, masters, quartermasters, chaplains, boatswains, yeomen, gunners, gunner's mates, gunsmiths, armourers, carpenters, cooks, trumpeters, surgeons and surgeon's mates (p. 48). Also bear in mind. Table shows the average retail prices at Marseille in the months of January and February, 1910, and during the year 1900. Despite their small numbers, female physicians of the era were able to make significant contributions that benefited all people. The group, which had only 8,400 members in 1900, had grown to more than 70,000 by 1910. Tells wages for the years 1911 to 1914, 1919, and 1922. Pellagra was most prevalent in the southeastern United States, where many people's diets consisted mainly of fatty meats, cornmeal, and molasses. Presents data on daily wages by sex, industry, and age for wage-workers in manufacturing establishments in Bulgaria in 1904. By 1945 Blue Cross had captured 59% of the health insurance market. This initial San Francisco bubonic plague epidemic lasted until 1904. Another area of concern was the flood of tonics, home remedies, and patent medicines produced and sold to many gullible Americans by charlatans and quacks promising miracle cures. Extensive list shows both retail and wholesale prices for drugs and related products. Source: U.S. Commissioner of Labor annual report. 32, Published January 1901. University of Missouri, Columbia This treatment was known as the "rest cure," which consisted of isolating the patient completely to avoid any mental activity and provide rest. 119-154. Table shows wholesale and retail prices of commodities at Glasgow in 1900 and 1910. In this progression, the his, HOMEOPATHY, a system of medicine developed by the German physician Samuel Hahnemann in the 1790s, was introduced in the United States in the 1820s by, MEDICAL EDUCATION. In 1890, for example, Johns Hopkins University was in dire straits and announced a unique plan to improve its economics: The school would accept women for medical education if wealthy female patrons would donate $500,000 to the university endowment. Despite these accomplishments, and those of thousands of other female physicians, male doctors were slow to fully accept women doctors as equals.

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