territorial seas ap human geography

Territorial dispute. Provide either an example or an explanation is the chart below. QUIZ NEW SUPER DRAFT. Mackinder believed that this region was central to interaction between Europe and Asia and to the rest of the world. Guam is an example of an occupied territory. These rights extend not only on the surface but also to the seabed and subsoil, as well as vertically to airspace. Even though these island chains are essentially uninhabited, many believe that there are important natural resources around them, hence the competing claims. 200 nautical mile (230 mile) exclusive economic zone. These include: To accommodate deeply indented coastline and fringes of islands along the coast, the LOSC allows for use of straight baselines.14 These baselines, drawn between features and coastline to created straight lines, allow States to create fixed points to deal with the wild distance variances caused by such features. Protection of human life 70 Article 147. This zone extends beyond and adjacent to the seaward boundary of the 12-nautical-mile (14-mile) territorial sea of the United States. In general, a State has more rights in zones near to its coastline than it does further into the ocean. Share. 2. A region of a country where the vast majority of the citizens of that country live. States have the same sovereign jurisdiction over internal waters as they do over other territory. However, there are ongoing controversies around the world over the definition of those features and the zones they should produce. It does not give a coastal State the right to prohibit or limit freedom of navigation or overflight, subject to very limited exceptions. Types of political boundaries include relic, superimposed, subsequent, antecedent, geometric, and consequent boundaries. These movements can lead to disputes over borders, and in some cases, to military conflict or other forms of violence. An autonomous region is a region that has a high degree of self-governance and is able to make decisions on matters of local concern without interference from the central government. Local Government Boundaries: Cultural & Political Influence, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, Overview of Human-Environmental Interaction, Forms of Governance: Unitary & Federal States, What is Sovereignty? Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. Any sea between the coast and the straight baseline is considered internal waters rather than territorial waters. Atolls are small, U-shaped islands or reefs which are made from coral. For example, a sandbar can be considered a rock. Unlike the territorial sea and the contiguous zone, the EEZ only allows for the previously mentioned resource rights and the law enforcement capacity to protect those rights. Its area extends to 200 nautical miles from its coastline to the external maritime territories. 5030 of March 10, 1983). Unlike a publicly traded corporation, the Assembly is the supreme body for setting policy in the Authority. LOSC, Article 136. The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. The law of the sea ensures proper behavior of vessels using the ocean to better each nation's economy. Irredentism is a political movement or ideology that seeks to reclaim and incorporate into a country territory that is seen as historically or culturally linked to that country, but which is currently controlled by another state. Two classic examples of fragmented states are Indonesia and the Philippines because they are states comprised of a few big islands and dozens of smaller islands. 2023. The low-water line is derived from the coastal States own charts.1. National Geographic Headquarters 1145 17th Street NW Washington, DC 20036. Territorial sea is defined under the UNCLOS as the 12-nautical mile zone from the baseline or low-water line along the coast. (available at: US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. States may also establish a contiguous zone from the outer edge of the territorial seas to a maximum of 24 nautical miles from the baseline. The dispute over the Gulf of Sidra illustrates the challenges posed by bays and straight baselines. Chain Migration Overview & Examples | What is Chain Migration? 160 Packard Ave. It was written by Hugo Grotius, a prominent lawyer, philosopher, and politician. If the political barrier between two states is the 50th parallel on the lines of latitude, then the boundary between those two states is known as a(n) __________. There is an incentive for States to obtain island status for their deep ocean features. Although condemned by the UN Charter, annexation by force, or conquest, may be recognized by other states over time. I feel like its a lifeline. Boundary disputes have been a source of conflict and tension in many parts of the world and have contributed to the outbreak of wars and other violent conflicts. These disputes may involve issues such as the rights to use or access certain land, the rights to natural resources, or the rights to build on or develop certain property. territorial sea synonyms, territorial sea pronunciation, territorial sea translation, English dictionary definition of territorial sea. This can become an issue with straight baselines as States may try to classify large bays as internal waters to project maritime boundaries out further and control overflight access. Study free AP Human Geography flashcards about PHHS - APHUG Unit 4 created by pdeanna to improve your grades. The U.S. is party to separate conventions and regional fisheries management organizations that govern international fishing activity. 397 [hereinafter LOSC]. The LOSC states that the Area is considered the common heritage of all mankind12 and is beyond any national jurisdiction. Irredentism is distinct from expansionism, which is a policy or ideology of territorial expansion, and from imperialism, which is the policy or practice of extending a country's power and influence over other countries or territories. Sarah Appleton, National Geographic Society. Geography. This new territory would allow China to control more water to extract natural resources, control more extensive trade routes, and extend areas where they could grow fishing practices to their benefit. Civil Suit Overview & Types | What is a Civil Suit? 8 AP Human Notes Political geography - the study of power Cooperation & conflict are the jet fuel of power Political space - a balance of cooperation (holding a state together) & conflict (internal diversity like independence movements may place strains on the state) States have REGIONS (administrative regions), sub-state regions (provinces, etc.) is physically divided into several distinct segments, is highly centralized and often appears in the shape of a square, acts as a deterrent that prevents conflict between two much larger states, is completely surrounded by the territory of another state. An antecedent boundary is the name of a boundary between two states that is created before the area is populated with human society. A state that is completely surrounded by another state. Hugo Grotius wrote the doctrine because of an issue between the English, who claimed that Dutch ships were trespassing in English waters and took all the Dutch goods. GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY. 2023 Fiveable Inc. All rights reserved. The Heartland Theory has been criticized for its deterministic and Eurocentric approach, which fails to account for the complexity and diversity of world politics. 14 LOSC, Article 7. Spykman is considered one of the founders of the discipline of geopolitics and is known for his work on the concept of the "Rimland," which he developed in his book "The Geography of the Peace" (1944). These nations also opposed Libyas claim to historical use due to a lack of demonstrated usage and its large size. All right, let's take a moment or two to review what we've learned. They do not create or further the extent of an EEZ. A low-tide elevation is a landmass that is completely submerged during high tide but above water at low tide. However, despite this clarified law, numerous conflicts have arisen. Mackinder argued that the heartland, which includes areas such as Eastern Europe, Russia, and Central Asia, is the pivot point of world politics because it is the largest contiguous landmass on earth and contains the majority of the world's population and resources. The Philippines and Malaysia both claim the islands lie within their territorial seas up to 12 nautical miles from their coasts. States can conduct activities in the Area so long as they are for peaceful purposes, such as transit, marine science, and undersea exploration. 0 plays. Treaty Overview, Examples & Laws | What is a Treaty? Geography, Human Geography, Social Studies. Gerrymandering History, Types & Examples | What is Gerrymandering? Territorial sea: for coastal states, the territorial sea can extend up to 12 nautical miles (13.81 mi/22km) from the shoreline, with complete sovereignty of all the sea's resources, including seabed and subsoil, as well as the airspace directly above it. The Territorial Sea includes 12 miles of complete sovereignty away from the coast. Islands must be above the water at high tide and able to sustain human habitation or economic life of their own.19 Islands possess the same maritime zones as other landmasses, including a territorial sea, contiguous zone, EEZ, and continental shelf. Delivered to your inbox! The Contiguous Zone has limited sovereignty up to 24 nautical miles from the coast. The EEZs size derives from the large coastlines on the Atlantic Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, the western continental U.S., Alaska, Hawaii and many small outlying Pacific islands. Possible Answers: None of these answers is correct. It can be helpful to think of the prefixes "ex-" and "en-" when considering the meaning of exclave and enclave. The prefix "ex-" means, Spanish Courses & Classes in Dallas Fort Worth. Boundaries Overview & Types | Physical, Political & Cultural Boundaries. Which of these is an example of an elongated state? These zones give coastal States different jurisdictional rights. Despite its criticisms, Ratzel's work remains an important part of the study of geopolitics and has had a lasting impact on the field of geography. Examples include the U.S. annexation of Texas in 1845, and Germanys annexation of Austria in 1938. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. 12 nautical mile (13.8 mile) of territorial water. These disputes may involve issues such as the location of state or provincial borders, the rights to natural resources, or the allocation of tax revenues. 43 according to the U.S. State Department. answer. If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media. Most contemporary geographers disagreed with him. Disputes can be resolved in a number of ways, including through negotiation, mediation, or arbitration. The theory has been influential in shaping the foreign policies of various countries and has been used to justify territorial expansion and military intervention in the heartland region. This issue is discussed in more detail in Chapter Ten: The South China Sea Tribunal. Boundary disputes between indigenous groups: In some cases, boundary disputes may involve conflicting claims to land or territory by indigenous groups. This new doctrine specified who could pass through their waters. She also has experience educating the public through various programs via outreach with presentations, festivals, and set courses. This seaward extension is geologically formed as the seabed slopes away from the coast, typically consisting of a gradual slope (the continental shelf proper), followed by a steep slope (the continental slope), and then a more gradual slope leading to the deep seabed floor. In order to expand, China seized one of the island chains called the Paracels from Vietnam in 1974. Disputes may involve issues such as money, property, rights, or values, and they may involve conflicting interests or viewpoints. Most importantly under the new laws, states with coastlines now have territorial sovereignty over a breadth of sea up to 12 nautical miles away from their coast. The establishment of high seas was instituted by the Convention on the High Seas in 1958 and includes 63 signatories. Article 1 of the 1933 Montevideo Convention states that a state as a person of international law should possess the following qualifications: a) a permanent population; b) a defined territory; c) a government; and d) capacity to enter into relations with the other states.Article 11 of the Montevideo Convention further provides that states are not to recognize territorial acquisitions that have been obtained by force. Friedrich Ratzel (1844-1904) was a German geographer and ethnographer who is best known for his contributions to the development of the discipline of geography and for his theory of Lebensraum, also known as the Organic Theory. AP Human Geography: Everything You Need To Know! However, it isn't practical in today's world as it would allow many nations around the world to exploit each other's' vital resources and deposit waste not far off another nations' coast. She has a bachelor of science degree in environmental management from Columbia Southern University and a master of science degree in coastal and marine environments from the University of Ireland, Galway. Alaska is an example of an exclave because it is a region of the United States that is completely separate from the main body of the United States. In some cases, disputes may be resolved through legal proceedings, such as a lawsuit or a court ruling. Example of multiple countries claim over pieces of the North Sea in Europe. A state that is completely surrounded by another state. Much like internal waters, coastal States have sovereignty and jurisdiction over the territorial sea. A region of a country that is completely separated from the main body of that country. He later worked as a teacher, researcher, and politician, and he became one of the leading figures in the field of geography in the UK during the early 20th century. 2023 Fiveable Inc. All rights reserved. The Organic Theory was used to justify imperialism and territorial expansion by European powers in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) is code of maritime law approved by the United Nations in 1982 that authorized territorial waters to extend 12 nautical miles from shore and a country's EEZ (exclusive economic zone) to extend 200 nautical miles. Since the ratification of the LOSC, there has been limited activity in relation to these provisions.13. The convention produced a set of international laws that seeks to maintain international order and the enforcement of rules at sea. The international law of the sea dictates how countries are allowed to use the oceans and which pieces belong to them. succeed. Accessed July 06, 2017. Main Phone +1 617-627-3700, Disclaimer | *DIAGRAM!! The concept of an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) was adopted through the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Seabed beyond a coastal States EEZs and Continental Shelf claims is known under the LOSC as the Area. Within the contiguous zone, a State has the right to both prevent and punish infringement of fiscal, immigration, sanitary, and customs laws within its territory and territorial sea. These disputes may be fueled by a sense of historical or cultural attachment to the land or by a desire to protect traditional ways of life. Non-Discrimination | A c c o m m o d a . Territory is a geographical area subject to the sovereignty, control, or jurisdiction of a state or other entity. An exclave is a region of a country that is completely separated from the main body of that country, usually by the borders of another country. One classic example of an exclave is Alaska because it is not part of the contiguous continental United States. These disputes can arise over the location of maritime boundaries, the rights to fish in certain areas, or the rights to extract oil, gas, or other resources from the seabed. Nations may also exercise an exclusive economic zone out to 322 kilometers (200 miles) where they may develop natural resources.Under international law, a territory is an essential part of the definition of a state. Most islands in Pacific or Caribbean. Boundaries are defined, delimited, demarcated, and administered to establish limits of sovereignty, but they are often contested. At the same time, the control of territory can be used as a means of exercising political power, as the ability to regulate and control the use of a particular piece of land or water can give a group or individual a great deal of influence over those who depend on it. Overall, the relationship between political power and territoriality is complex and multifaceted, and it plays a central role in the study of geopolitics. The Heartland Theory is a geopolitical theory developed by British geographer Halford Mackinder in the early 20th century. These three areas, collectively known as the continental margin, are rich in natural resources, including oil, natural gas and certain minerals. AP Human Geography: Practice Tests and Flashcards, A boundary between two states that is created in an area that is currently not populated is called a(n), If the political barrier between two states is the 50th parallel on the lines of latitude, then the boundary between those two states is known as a(n), A country that is completely surrounded by the territory of other countries and has no access to the sea is said to be, Alaska is an example of an exclave because it is a region of the United States that is completely separate from the main body of the United States. serves as a buffer between two much larger states, stretches a long way in one direction, but a comparably short way in the other direction, is completely surrounded by another state. Mackinder is known for his work on the concept of the "Heartland," which he developed in his paper "The Geographical Pivot of History" (1904). Spykman's theory has been influential in shaping the foreign policies of various countries and has been used to justify naval expansion and military intervention in the rimland region. We learned that the first set of regulations regarding the sea was known as the The Freedom of the Seas doctrine based on a book by Hugo Grotius. Mackinder's theory has been influential in shaping the foreign policies of various countries and has been used to justify territorial expansion and military intervention in the heartland region. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. 166 lessons Edit. Many wars have been started by landlocked countries seeking to carve a path to the ocean through another country's territory. Other rights and duties provided for under international law. As a consequence, States ranging from Canada to China have aggressively used straight baselines in ways that are not accepted by the U.S. States are not able to arbitrarily draw straight baselines in order to extend their maritime claims. Territorial Sea Everything from the baseline to a limit not exceeding twelve miles is considered the State's territorial sea. Territorial Sea. War Crimes Overview & List | What is a War Crime? Jurisdiction as provided for in international law with regard to the establishment and use of artificial islands, installations, and structures; marine scientific research; and the protection and preservation of the marine environment. The part of the ocean adjacent to the coast of a state that is considered to be part of the territory of that state and subject to its sovereignty. A conference regulating European colonization and trade in Africa, held in Berlin, Germany in 1884. - National Ocean Service, Maritime Zones and Boundaries - NOAA Office of General Counsel, Federal Government Releases New Strategies to Advance Ocean Exploration, Website Satisfaction Survey States have the right to construct artificial islands, installations and structures within their EEZ.22 Owners of such artificial features are permitted to establish reasonable safety zones, usually not to exceed 500 meters (1649 feet) or acceptable standards from international safety organizations such as the International Maritime Organization. By measuring the thickness of sedimentary rocks, the edge of the shelf is drawn where sedimentary rocks become less than 1 percent of the thickness of the soil. Territorial seas synonyms, Territorial seas pronunciation, Territorial seas translation, English dictionary definition of Territorial seas. territorial sea noun : the part of territorial waters subject to the jurisdiction of a coastal state usually extending from mean low water mark on the shore or from the seaward limit of a bay or mouth of a river a marine league or 3 geographical miles outward to the open sea compare inland water Love words? Boundaries can be established for a variety of reasons, such as to protect property or resources, to mark the limits of a political entity, or to distinguish one area from another. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Article 5, Dec. 10, 1982, 1833 U.N.T.S. In general, a bay is a large indentation in a shoreline. The first method is by measuring geological features using what is called the Gardiner formula. It is often in the interests of the parties involved to try to resolve disputes peacefully, as disputes can lead to conflict, hostility, and resentment if they are not resolved. Most populous is Puerto Rico,owned by the US. Typically, this must be peaceful and public.Prescription is similar to occupation, but concerns otherwise empty territory. To demarcate the proverbial rules of the road, the LOSC permits coastal States to establish several different maritime zones. It contains a vast array of natural resources, such as seafood, critical minerals, medicines, and areas of significant ecological and conservation value. 0. Create your account, 18 chapters | Governments and other political actors may seek to defend their territory in order to protect their power and autonomy, and they may use their control of territory as a means of projecting their power and influence beyond their borders. The prime and most recent example of this is China's recent claims to far greater territories in the South China Sea than what is allowed for by the Law of the Sea. These resources encompass both living resources, such as fish, and non-living resources, such as oil and natural gas.4 States also have exclusive rights to engage in offshore energy generation from the waves, currents, and wind within their EEZ. Do colleges care about AP Human Geography? Contact Us Rock is a legal term and does not refer to any particular type of geological formation. A state's territorial sea, where it is sovereign, extends 19 kilometers (12 miles) into the sea. Privacy | Save. Ap Human Geography: Political Geography Vocabulary Answers - Flashcards Get access to high-quality and unique 50 000 college essay examples and more than 100 000 flashcards and test answers from around the world! He later worked as a teacher and researcher, and he became one of the leading figures in the field of geography in Germany during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The distance between Guam and the nearest U.S. state, Hawai'i, is more than 6,000 kilometers (3,728.23 miles). Irredentist movements have been a source of conflict and tension in many parts of the world, as they often involve claims to territory that is already inhabited by other people. The coastal state controls the access by foreign nations into their territorial sea area. A boundary between two states that is created in an area that is currently not populated is called a(n) ___________. Matching game, word search puzzle, and hangman also available. In 1994 the United Nations established the Laws of the Sea. There is no right of innocent passage through internal waters. The Rimland Theory suggests that the dominant power in the rimland will be able to project its influence over the rest of the world, including the "heartland" (the interior of the Eurasian landmass) and the "outer crescent" (the Americas and Australia). Centripetal & Centrifugal Forces in Geopolitics, Prorupted State, Elongated State & Fragmented State | Concepts, Examples & Shapes. Report an Error, Site Index As already discussed, rocks and low-tide elevations create much smaller zones of control than islands. It was eventually discarded because of issues with increased pollution and the plundering of natural resources. Topics Page Ch. Unlike rocks or low-water elevations, islands project a full territorial sea with overflight control and a full EEZ. A perforated state is a state that __________. The EEZ is an important concept in international law, as it establishes the rights and responsibilities of states in relation to the use of the oceans and the exploitation of marine resources. The world needed more informed and defined laws that would articulate the needs of different countries' claims on the ocean. It was an influential theory that sought to explain the relationship between a nation's population, territory, and power. There are two methods to determine the extent of a continental margin under the LOSC. Due to the vulnerability of the surrounded state, it is often vital for that state to maintain good relations with the perforated state that surrounds them. High Seas is anywhere past the EEZ. . This would have allowed Libya a much larger area to restrict navigation and overflight. GENERAL PROVISIONS 23 Article 2. It opened for signature on December 10th, 1982 and was put into force on November 16th, 1994. Great Britain controlled the most colonies. 0% average accuracy. AP Human Geography Unit 4. Rocks provide their owners with less control than islands, providing only a territorial sea and a contiguous zone. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) is an international agreement that describes how sea-going vessels should interact with each other and with marine resources in regional waters and the high seas. Mackinder was born in Gainsborough, England, and studied natural sciences at Oxford University. Territorial Waters. As an international body, the Authority also includes an Assembly of representatives from each nation which functions like a large Board of Directors. Create your account. Political Entity Types & Examples | What is a Political Entity? The Organic Theory, also known as the Theory of Lebensraum, was developed by the German geographer Friedrich Ratzel in the late 19th century. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. The LOSC allows a State to conduct economic activities for a distance of 200 nautical miles from the baseline, or the continental margin where it extends beyond 200 nautical miles. Although it is easy to determine how baselines can be drawn from large areas of continental coastline, such as in Florida or California, there are other maritime features that can affect how zones are drawn. AP Human Geography AMSCO Vocabulary - Unit 4 Political Geography Using the Quizlet Vocabulary Link for Unit 4 Political Geography, review all the terms provided. 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