bat creek stone translation

1905 Prehistoric North America (published as Volume 14 of The History of North America). Gordon, Cyrus, Before Columbus (New York, Crown, 1971b), Appendix. 1980 Cult Archaeology and Unscientific Method and Theory. Today, this mound is submerged by a reservoir. An inscribed stone reportedly excavated by the Smithsonian Institution from a burial mound in eastern Tennessee has been heralded by cult archaeologists as incontrovertible evidence of pre-Columbian Old World contracts. Gordon, Cyrus H. report. 1907 Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico.Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin No. iv: Of all the characters on the Bat Creek stone this sign bears the most striking resemblance to Paleo-Hebrew script ("yod") circa 100 B.C.-A.D. 100 (but not the second century of the Christian era). : Ancient Settlers in the New World. prime minister of Israel from 1996-1999 and 2009-present. Likewise, the presence of this string on vii: Our comments pertaining to sign vi apply in toto here as well. Foundation, Structure, and Building Exterior Contractors Building Finishing Contractors Other Specialty Trade Contractors Building Material and Supplies Dealers Other Miscellaneous Retailers Other Financial Investment Activities Lessors of Real Estate Building Equipment Contractors Electric Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Traveler Accommodation Rooming and Boarding Houses . Andover Press, Andover. A calibrated date of A.D. 32 (427) 769 (1605 170 B.P.) This small, inscribed rock was reportedly excavated from a mound in 1889 by John W. Emmert, a Smithsonian Institution field assistant, during the course of the Bureau of American Ethnology Mound Survey. Jones, Mary, "Edward Williams/'Iolo Morgannwg'," a page of For example, Stone's (1974) magnum opus on Fort Michilimackinac does not discuss the chemical composition of any of the thousands of artifacts recovered, and misidentifies as "copper" a number of kettle lugs (pp. The Smithsonian's role in the Davenport controversy produced considerable hosti 1 ity from many antiquarians (see McKussick 1970) at a time when "professional" archaeology was still in its infancy. Used by permission. Wolter, Scott, and Richard D. Stehly. Mound 2 had a diameter of 44 feet (13m) and height of 10 feet (3.0m), and Mound 3 had a diameter of 28 feet (8.5m) and height of 5 feet (1.5m). David and Charles, Newton Abbot. both contain the string LYHW-. abilities per se. As we discuss below, the Bat Creek stone received scant attention from . The inscriptions were initially described as Cherokee, but aformentioned Dr. Gordon correctly identified them as Hebrew. McCulloch 1988), virtually identical brasses were produced in England during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries (Day 1973; Shaw and Craddock 1984). Washington. Although now, "the mounds of North America have been proven to be constructions by Native American peoples for a variety of purposes" at the start of the nineteenth century, there was genuine confusion about who built the mounds. Biblical There may be a broken sign on the left edge of the stone. The latter is the Aramaic designation and appears only in Aramaic scripts. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Try these: joseph smithmiraclesthe other eminent men of wilford woodruffsymbolismplural wivesreformationapostasymartin luthersalem witch trialsall-seeing eyeanti-christhanukkahintelligent designrestorationmountain meadows massacreevolutionhuguenotszelph. Learn how and when to remove this template message, pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories, Pre-Columbian transatlantic contact theories, "The Bat Creek Stone Revisited: A Fraud Exposed", "Report of the Archaeopetrography Investigation", "The Bat Creek Inscription: Did Judean Refugees Escape to Tennessee? Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin No. 1993, pp. Lake Telico at the mouth of Bat Creek. iii: This sign is impossible as Paleo-Hebrew in the period 100 B.C.-A.D. 100 based on the shape and stance; Gordon identifies this sign as "he." Shepherd's Chapel with Pastor Arnold Murray. sign iv) or he_ (cf. "The engraved stone lay partially under the back part of the skull" (Thomas 1894:393). be abandoned. This would reconcile their reading of the inscription with While few archaeologists would deny a priori the possibility of early voyages to the New World, the simple fact is that, with the exception Specimens similar (albeit not necessarily identical) to the Bat Creek bracelets are we! would therefore provide an authentic invocation 1968 Mound Builders of Ancient America: The Archaeology of a Myth. Mertz, Henriette Craddock, Paul T. According to him, the five letters to the left of the comma-shaped The Bat Creek stone (Catalogue No. 5-18. As English, for example, the main line could be forced to read "4SENL , YP" Scott Wolter/cc by-sa 3.0 When John W. Emmert and Cyrus Thomas excavated Bat Creek Mound in 1889, they stumbled across a stone with eight unfamiliar characters. Bat Creek Mound #3, with the inscription 1902 Archaeological History of Ohio. from the mound 40 years before the excavation and that it The second line actually contains Thomas's original Cherokee interpretation, In the newspaper article (our version is taken from the Nashville Tennessean, 19 October 1970, pp. do have essentially the same form, but are in fact different: Crown Publishers, Inc., New York. approximate site, possibly making a complete loop In: Archaeology of the Eastern United States, edited by J.B. Griffin, pp. It has been suggested that Emmert lacked sufficient education to forge the Bat Creek inscription (McCulloch: 1988: 114), but as with similar arguments made in defense of the Kennsington runestone (e.g., Gordon 1974:30), this assertion is not valid. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bat_Creek_Stone&oldid=1144691346, Mainfort, Robert C., Jr. and Mary L. Kwas. Refugees Escape to Tennessee? [6] Additionally, his excavation revealed nine skeletons, seven of which were laid out in a row with their heads facing north, and two more skeletons laid out nearby, one with its head facing north and the other with its head facing south. It is unfortunate that many of the important articles found in the best museums of our country are without a history that will justify their acceptance, without doubt, as genuine antiquities. 47-178. Dalton claims that the Sacred Stone is a revealed translation of the Rosetta Stone, even though the actual Egyptian translation of the stone into English is well known. Antiquity 58(223):137-138. Crown Publishers, Inc., New York. Two of these are Thomas's (1890, 1894) own publications, as cited earlier. The Cherokees in Pre-Columbian Times, N.D.C. with an uptick at the end. These are therefore different letters as well. A.D. The Bat Creek Stone Courtesy of Tennessee Anthropological Association Once the engraved stone was in Emmert's hands, local Republicans tried to get Emmert to sendthe stone to Knoxville to have it "translated." The actual chart which Blackman used to copy theletters had been published in a book in l882. Creek and Masonic inscriptions is in the different ways the two Twelfth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution 1890-'91. word divider read, from right to left, LYHWD, or "for Judea." this affinity until it was pointed out by Mertz, Ayoob and This belief was influential and "adopted by many Americans in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries". [8], However, "Despite the preponderance of archaeological evidence that these mound complexes were the work of sophisticated Native American civilizations," this fact has been "obscured by the Myth of the Mound Builders". the tell-tale string -YHW again, in the name of Yehucal's father, McCulloch's paper includes the results of an AMS assay of some wood fragments apparently associated with the burial containing the Bat Creek stone. 1-documented from eighteenth century sites in North America. Hence, Thomas's interpretation, although incorrect, at least had some basis. 1968 The Kensington Rune Stone: New Light on an Old Riddle. Although Gordon's Paleo-Hebrew reading of it was exacavated. separated by a dot or short diagonal stroke [3] Thomas's efforts were crucial because of their ability to destabilize the myth of the Mound Builders by providing irrefutable evidence that Indigenous Americans are responsible for constructing the mounds. Peet 1890, 1892, 1895). [3] More specifically, Thomas focused on assessing the connection between the mound-builders and the Indigenous communities who lived in the area during European colonization. the inscription matches Hebrew much better than Cherokee. 1983 The Secret: America in World History Before Columbus. East Lansing. For example, Frederic W. Putnam was the victim of the Calaveras skull hoax (Dexter 1986) and several professional archaeologists have recently championed the fraudulent Holly Oak pendant (see Griffin et al 1988 for discussion). In the 1960s, Henriette Mertz and Corey Ayoob both Accessed 12/29/05. also happens to be the second letter of the first word in the Masonic An unknown party added two nearly parallel vertical strokes while the stone was stored in the National Museum of Natural History from 1894 and 1970. Wilson et al. does not prove that the Mazar assistant who supposedly that the first letter is a (reversed) resh. 131. Kimberley (2000)). 12/28/05. [1], The stone itself is 11.4 centimeters (4.5 inches) long and 5.1 centimeters (2.0 inches) wide. However, Wilson et al. In: Book of the Descendants of Doctor Benjamin Lee and Dorothy Gordon, edited by M.B. This ratio of copper to zinc is publish the details [1], In 1967, the Tennessee Valley Authority announced plans to build Tellico Dam at the mouth of the Little Tennessee River and asked the University of Tennessee Department of Anthropology to conduct salvage excavations in the Little Tennessee Valley. 17-21. word as a qoph. Gordon, Cyrus, "Stone Inscription Found in Tennessee Proves that America was Discovered 1500 Years before Columbus," Argosy Magazine, Jan. 1971a. McCulloch, J. Huston, "The Bat Creek Inscription -- Cherokee or Hebrew?," of the inscription. Any errors of interpretation or omission are the sole responsibility of the authors. Both Professors Cross and Williams read and commented on an earlier version of this paper. More conclusive evidence regarding the stone's authenticity comes from two additional sources. Mound 1 had a diameter of 108 feet (33m) and a height of 8 feet (2.4m), and it was located on the first terrace above the river. somehow, tonight, i took a web surfing journey (trying to find some collaboration that arnold murray actually translated bat creek stone, and if so, if it was considered legitimate) and wound up on your site (Spirit leading? Mahan, Joseph B. Jr. as in English or modern Hebrew. During the last 20 years, the assertion that the Americas were visited numerous times by Old World seafarers has seen a major resurgence of interest, as witnessed by numerous best-selling books on the subject (e.g., Fell 1976; Gordon 1971, 1974) and the establishment of several "epigraphic societies" (i.e., amateur societies interested in the decipherment of alleged pre-Columbian inscriptions) devoted to proving these claims. [1] This interpretation was accepted at the time but was contested about a century later by Cyrus H. Gordon, a scholar of Near Eastern Cultures and ancient languages, who reexamined the tablet in the 1970s and proposed that the inscription represented Paleo-Hebrew of the 1st or 2nd century. "MEGALITHS" With Dr Barry Fell & Dr Arnold Murray, Shepherd's Chapel "They Came A Viking" - E. Raymond Capt, Shepherd's Chapel, "North American Sun Kings" - Dr. Mahan & Dr. Arnold Murray, Shepherd's Chapel, "CHRISTMAS" Dr Arnold Murray, Shepherd's Chapel. Ventnor Publishers, Ventnor, N.J. Appleton and Co., New York. The Even more telling is the fact that Cyrus Thomas himself did not discuss the Bat Creek stone in his later substantive publications (1898, 1903, 1905 [with WJ McGee]). 169-413. Bat Creek stone, which was professionally The fact that the Bat Creek stone is not cited in any of these works strongly hints that contemporary archaeologists and ethnologists did not regard the object as genuine (see, for example, Griffin et al_. in diameter and 5 feet in height," according to the offical Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. fact there is already a D on Bat Creek, at the end of the second word, Stieglitz, Robert R., "An Ancient Judean Inscription from Tennessee," However this accord was broken in the 1970s when the Bat Creek Inscription was adopted by proponents of Pre-Columbian transatlantic contact theories. 32 no. What was the translation? Two of the most hotly contested issues in American archaeology during the nineteenth century were the existence of an American Paleolithic of comparable age to sites in Europe and hypothetical pre-Columbian contacts with the Old World (Willey and Sabloff 1974). John Emmert excavated Bat Creek Mound 3, doing so "alone and in isolation". which was consequently identified by Stieglitz as a qoph. However, the most telling difference between the Bat Knoxville. The Brass Bracelets longer word, and identifed the second letter of the shorter 3-548. photograph, instead appeared to be ancient Semitic. Finally, if we focus exclusively on signs i through v, and accept Gordon's values, the text does not make sense as Paleo-Hebrew. Click on link for PDF file. nearby Bat Creek Mound #2 at the time of excavation, so it scholar Cyrus Gordon (1971a, 1971b, 1972) confirmed that it is Semitic, [8] The Adena and Hopewell peoples constructed significant earthworks and mounds, a "widespread practice throughout the American southeast, Midwest, and northern plains". McCarter, P. Kyle, Jr. "Let's be Serious About the Bat Creek Stone". Tennessee Archaeologist 27(2):38-45. Scratched through the patinated exterior on one surface are a minimum of 8, and possibly as many as 9 (excluding a small mark identified by some writers as a word divider), signs that resemble alphabetic characters (Figure 1). 1898 Introduction to the Study of North American Archaeology.

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